Members of the transforming growth factor ? superfamily bind to a pair of transmembrane proteins, known as receptor types I and II, which contain serine/threonine kinases and associate to form a signaling complex. Activin has been shown to bind a heteromeric noncovalent complex, which consists of a type I receptor, ACTR-IA (also designated ACVRI and ALK-2) or ACTR-IB (also designated ALK-4 and SKR2), and a type II receptor, ACTR-IIA (also designated ACVR2A) or ACTR-IIB (also designated ACVR2B). Both receptor types are highly expressed in brain. The activin receptor family members are thought to mediate distinct effects on gene expression, cell differentiation, and morpho genesis in a dose dependent fashion.