Casein kinase I (also designated CKI) and casein kinase II (also designated CKII) compose a family of serine/threonine protein kinases which are present in all eukaryotes examined to date. CKI family members, which include CKI?, ?, ?, e and ?, have been implicated in the control of cytoplasmic and nuclear processes, including DNA replication and repair. CKII is usually expressed as a tetrameric complex consisting of either an ?2?2 or an ??'?2 structure. The a catalytic subunit is stimulated by the ? regulatory subunit, which undergoes autophosphorylation. CKII activity is high in the cytosol and nucleus of proliferating and differentiating cells. CKII is known to phosphorylate more than 100 different substrates including nuclear oncoproteins, transcription factors and enzymes involved in DNA metabolism.